Argumentative Essay on Whether It Is Better to Know a Little About Many Subjects or Not

Argumentative Essay on Whether It Is Better to Know a Little About Many Subjects or Not Is It Better to Know a Little About Many Subjects or a Lot About One? People are free to choose whichever life path they consider the best. Some want to learn as much as possible, but they usually don’t have time to learn all the peculiarities of the given matters. Thus, they end up knowing a little about many subjects. Completely opposite situation is having vast knowledge about one subject. The first case – when you know a little about many different things – is good due to several reasons. First of all, it is easy, as you don’t have to apply much effort – you begin learning something, get bored and postpone finishing it till you don’t want to do it. Besides, it can show you as an educated person, as when speaking with people, you can comment on many different topics. But here pros end and cons begin, which changes situation to the opposite, as they really outweigh the advantages. When people haven’t mastered any occupation perfectly, they will not have a chance of getting a well-paid job, as they will not be valuable specialists. Business world is constantly looking for experts in all the spheres. Thus, without vast knowledge of at least one subject, your career chances are really poor. This situation also shows you in not favorable light, as it means that you cannot finish what you started, or don’t want to finish, which is also not good. At the same time, knowing a lot about one subject makes you a specialist and professional, which guarantees respect, interesting and efficient work and many other benefits. Among drawbacks I can only name the one – it is hard to get to the level of real specialist, but each and every person has to strive to become one.

Was Petit s Behavior, Unprofessional, And Immoral

Was Petit s behavior unprofessional? Was it immoral? Discuss the similarities and differences of the words in quotes? I find Petit’s behavior in general to be neither unprofessional, nor immoral. According to the dictionary, unprofessional means, â€Å"lacking or showing a lack of expert skill† (Merriam-Webster.com) and immoral means, â€Å"not moral; broadly: conflicting with generally or traditionally held moral principles† (Merriam-Webster.com). These words are used interchangeably in the case, but they do not mean the same thing. The school board argued that being of moral character was an expectation of Petit’s job. They dismissed her regardless of the fact that she didn’t do anything wrong or show immoral character during work hours. Petit engaged in sexual acts in her personal life outside of her job in a private area. These sexual acts were performed with consent from all parties, and they were all of legal age. The only way it would have b een immoral is if it wasn’t consensual, they were underage, or she was doing so without the approval of her husband whom she was married to. I don’t think she was being unprofessional either, as her personal life had nothing to do with her job. What lack of skill is her activity displaying? The only somewhat unprofessional thing I can argue for is perhaps her appearance on the program about unconventional sexual activities, as someone might recognize her and it might reflect badly on the school and would show a lack of discretion.

Prison Food Chain Free Essays

Michella Abel ANTH4113-001 10/16/12 Professor Dowell Hirschfeld Capstone Anthropology Prison Food Chain The United States has had reform after reform of their prison systems in an attempt to better them and in hopes of making them not only a punishment, but a rehabilitating system. The prisons of today are not what these reforms hoped to achieve, they are over populated, dangerous, and under-funded. Gangs have taken over the positions that wardens are supposed to fill and they rule by survival of the fittest or at least survival of the better connections. We will write a custom essay sample on Prison Food Chain or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order to achieve the reforms’ goals, data collected from ethnographic and statistical studies must be put to better use. Prison gangs have become a huge contributing factor to the overcrowding within the prisons due to its positive correlation to repeat offending and high recruitment efforts. The word Penitentiary comes from the Greek word that means to be penitent. The reality of what it is like to be in a prison may not be what most people believe it to be. There are different levels in the prison system that offenders, pending on their crime and record, will be assigned to. Marchese,45) Super-max Prisons are for the worst of the worst offenders. Maximum security houses a variety of violent offenders. Minimum security and halfway houses restrict the comings and goings of the lowest menace threat in the system and help to make an offender ready to rejoin the outside world. The prison society is based upon a set of social rules and boundaries built and based upon respect an d fear. Each kind of prisoner has a different way of obtaining this respect and attempting to claim the prison food chain. A prisoner that was transferred would need to fight another prisoner to establish his place among the hierarchy. Prisons are a society unto themselves and outsiders are not welcome as scientists and journalist have discovered. (Fleisher,1989) To be a prisoner and be at the top of the hierarchy has multiple meaning for that individual, how he got there and how he keeps that position varies from one inmate to the next. Every inmate at the top of the food chain in the prison system has his or her own story as to how they got where they are, and how long it took them to get there, but he common thread is their gang connections and affixations. The top of the hierarchical system however are the guards. The guards are one of the prisoners’ only interactions with the outside world that is guaranteed and occurs on a regular basis. The Stanford Experiment in (1971) showed how guards and prisoners interact on the bases of who has the authority and who doesn’t. Stanford students p layed the role of guards and some as prisoners. It didn’t take long before the students started to really believe they were guards or prisoners. The student guards became more forceful in their commands, and showed less respect for the students that were prisoners. The student prisoners showed more compliance for the guards and submissive, even thou they were just role playing. The experiment was forced to release all of the participants after the students playing the role of the prisoners started to riot and entrench themselves within the cells. Their ability to separate reality from their roles was so greatly diminished they actually started attacking each other. There are theories that this diminishing started when they were all very publically arrested for show, but to them it felt very real. (Zimbardo) Fleisher attempted to study the prison society by becoming a guard at a prison, but soon discovered that even he could not separate himself from the role of a guard, â€Å"I began to think of myself as a correctional worker†¦ I was becoming lost†¦ What hacks did was right what convicts did was wrong†. (Fleischer,1989,112) There are federal cases in which inmates claim that guards either go to far to prevent gang activity or don’t do anything at all to protect them. Babock vs. White and Doe vvs. Welborn are both 8th amendment violation cases in which the guard knowingly put an inmate in harm’s way with a gang, but with the overpopulation some do not have an option of where an inmate is housed despite the danger. (Eckhart,61) A prison guard is not a police officer and cannot arrest anyone. They are babysitters for some of the most dangerous people in the world. Prisoners can and do hurt or even kill guards every year; however, there have been documented cases of guards beating and killing prisoners who attack guards. If an inmate gets away with something like killing or attacking a fellow inmate, it was because one or more of the guards protected him. Inmates cannot be prosecuted if the guards do not speak up and turn in the inmate committing the acts. That is a system that gives the guards a great deal of power over the men in their custody. (Marchese,1) Someone looking at a penitentiary from the outside couldn’t ever imagine the set of circumstances that an inmate faces the moment they step foot behind the gates. The single biggest threat to a new inmate is the gang affiliation and if the guards recognize you as gang member. Gangs are stronger in the prison systems than anywhere on earth. They can quickly tell a new inmate from a repeat by talking to you for a few minutes and by the confidence level the inmate portrays. Then the recruitment begins. If the new inmate wasn’t part of a gang on the outside, he is very vulnerable and has to make some fast decisions. He can attempt to remain gang free, which is very dangerous since that means you have no one looking out for you, or you have to join a gang and they choose you, you don’t choose them. (National Geogrpahic,2007) Race is the gang of choose in prison. Whites stick together and blacks with blacks and so on. Most sections of the prisons facilities are divided up into the race sections for each race. Whites use these three showers and these three stales and so on. White, African American, Mexican, and Other (Native American or Asian) are the more commonly used terms when prisoners are dividing the prison into race. If you get rejected from that gang you will not be allowed to join any other white gang, and a prisoner without a gang is typically beaten, raped, or killed by the enemies you acquired while in the gangs. If you fail to join a gang from the start you are more likely to be in danger from your own race. Mostly because they have asked you to join their gang and you have refused. When you have so many dangers threatening you every day of what is now your life, joining a race gang and fighting becomes the only way to stay alive in the current prison system. Think about who is in prison. Most inmates are killers and rapist and burglars already, so the things that go on in prison isn’t new to them, but the ones that are in prison for something non-violent have to share the same space as those who have committed murder and rape. Inmates who are not violent are targets for the life term inmates just because they want to have the power over someone, just as the guards have power over all inmates. The control issues don’t stop there. To be in the gang you have to prove yourself to be worthy to be in the gang. Most acts of worth involve you beating someone up, and sometimes killing someone who has disrespected the gang recently. You can move up in the ranks very quickly in the prison gang hierarchy pending on the nature of your sentence. Lifers† are known as inmates that will never see the outside world again, meaning they will die in the prison system. They know that a â€Å"lifer† is more likely to kill, then someone who has only a few years to serve. â€Å"Lifers† become some of the most powerful people in the prison hierarchies because they are more willing to kill you because they will never see freedom anyway. (Yost,2010) Incidentally women prisons do not necessarily work the sam e as men. Many do have gang ties outside of prison, the same gangs as the men, but the connections that make while in prison are tighter than the gangs. They set up family like groups and the longer term inmates adopt children and watch out for them. They do have to follow their gang rules while in prison. If fellow gang member is attacked or disrespected you better do something about it. (Yost,2010) The guards will automatically segregate gang members from the general population in small prisons, but the larger prisons are overcrowded and do not have space available to segregate them all. They have everyone from drug addicts with no violent recorded to murder’s and rapist in the same common areas and cells. Guards in the super-max facilities automatically place gang members in the SHU or Security Housing Unit. The super-max facilities are where known gang members and violent inmates are sent because they have been deemed too large of a security threat to be housed in minimum security prisons. The guards will take the tiniest connection of gang affiliation and run with it. (Tachiki,1118) However, these super-max and segregation cells are not doing the job that are meant to do. The leaders of these gangs are able to carry on gang business from within these cells. For example, the Mexican Mafia can extort drug dealers because they pose a threat to the people in system and drug dealers know that are likely to end up in prison and with individuals only in segregation for a few days or weeks at a time notes can be passed containing hit lists. (Skorbek,714) Prison gangs started back in the 1950’s with the Gypsy Jokers in Washington State Prison. The Mexican Mafia emerged in 1957 in California and was the first gang to have nationwide ties consisted of Northern California Mexicans. These gangs started out just as a way of protecting themselves from the other races, but they soon started using their numbers and influence to run the black market within the prisons. The Aryan Brotherhood is a white supremacist gang that started in California in 1967 at San Quentin. The Black Guerilla Family combined all the black rights groups of 1966 in San Quentin. La Nuestra Family was established in the 1960s in California’s Soledad for the southern California Mexicans. The Texas Syndicate emerged in 1958 at Deuel Vocation Institute in California to protect the Texan Mexicans and native Texans. The Mexikanemi is the fastes growing established in 1984 and also known as the Texas Mexican Mafia. The Newest gangs being the Nortenos, The Surenos, and the Crips and Bloods from LA. (Fleisher,2001,#1)(Morningstar,1-4) The reasons for joining a gang are many, but all very similar. Individuals join gangs for protection from other gangs or from the gang itself. This situation lends to the old phrase â€Å"If you can’t beat them join them. † There is also the very human variable: the need to fit in and feel wanted. Individuals will join a gang because even though it is a bad identity it is still more than what they had before and even though the company is bad and dangerous they feel like they belong. The rules that the gangs enforce are all slightly different but are based on the same basics and this does supply these individuals with structure that their lacking. The basic rules are always bare your allegiance, always respect other members, always protect other members, always support the gang, always obey the gang, secrecy, and the most known blood in, blood out. In other words, you are a gang member for life and the only escape is death and most of the time a young one. (Fleisher,2001,#1,3) The process of joining a street gang is very different than joining a prison gang. A street gang the individual is mostly likely jumped in and that in tells letting all the members beat up on them for a certain amount of time a few minutes at a time. Whereas a prison gang the individual would be asked to fight a certain individual or a guard. It also might be as simple as smuggling a note out or crafting a leader a shank and hiding it for them. In many cases, they are required to take out a member of a rival gang either by getting them locked up in segregation for a few weeks and hurting their operation or simply killing them. (National Geographic,2007) The newer gangs are based on more criminal organizations than a true sense of word gang. They are in it for the profit and run the black markets. Only 15-20% are hard core members the rest are foot soldiers that are expendable. The reasons for defecting from a gang seems more like a cheesy movie scene where the character is debating between going against their own moral code and killing a child. If they don’t kill the mark then they are next on the list and are hunted down. There are a few that go to the state for protection for exchange for the testimony and witness protection. The most common reason for defecting from a gang is that the individual broke a rule and are scarred of retribution so they go to the state. They either stole gang money/product or they slept with wrong person’s wife/girlfriend. (Fleisher,2001,#1,3) There are prison programs that force the inmate to renounce their gang affiliations and sign a written contract affirming their defection. These programs allow the prisoners to be released earlier, but they also force many inmates to become serious targets. (National Geogrpahic,2007) Inmates fear these programs because in order to graduate from the programs they are forced to relinquish the only identity they know. Prisons are their own culture in and of themselves. They vary from prison to prison and have been described as small city with all the intricacies that come with one. They use their own form of language when communicating to each other and with those on the outside. The breaking of gang code is its own department within the FBI. They have even started using texting abbreviations within their codes. (Klivans,1) There are whole alphabets to the prison gang code and they also utilize their own form of sign language. Most of them use their tattoos to tell their stories and to inform other gang members of just where they belong within the hierarchy. They also most bare their gangs sign. Most prison gangs use tattoos simply because they look menacing and the guards can’t remove them. The street gangs use bandanas or colors, which is near impossible to replicate within a prison. National Geographic,2007) We have implemented multiple prison programs from education to religion. One of the interesting ones described in the documentary The Dhamma Brothers is a 10 day program that a group of inmates many of which that are on death row are secluded from the rest of prison population and are instructed in the practices of Buddhism. They were not so much instructed on the religious practices and beliefs, but on the deep meditating practices that help them focus and deal with emotions. The prisons showed a remarkable difference in both attitude and behavior after they experienced 10 days of complete silence and meditation. Kaikum,2008) Another program started in Luther Luckett Correctional complex has focused on rehabilitating their inmates through education. One of their programs is called Shakespeare Behind Bars. This program was designed to get the inmates interested in classics and possibly keep them out of trouble during the production of the plays. A group of inmates are allowed to produce plays by Shakespeare and perform them for the prison. They have an instructor that helps them learn to act and memorize their lines. The interviews reveal that although the individuals within the program are minimum security that they feel a sense of accomplishment and wish continue their education. One in particular graduated from college and was paroled in 2006. (Rogerson,2005) What we have to realize though for these individuals to graduate they first had to overcome their gang ties, rules, and culture. Also, survive any hits if their exit causes bad blood. They will still bare the gang tattoos and scars mental and physical. A backward step in prison system programs is the re-institution of chain gangs. Alabama re-instituted chain gangs in 1990. There are not as bad as the ones that were shut down and out lawed in many states, but there is still the humiliation of walking around in public with chains binding your feet. The males are less cumbersome since their feet are chained together with about 2 feet of slack, but females in Arizona are literary chained together with about 5 to 6 in a group. Arizona re-institutionalized chain gangs in 1996 in Estrella Correctional Facility near Phoenix. The Alabama chain gangs are forced to work in fields and clean-up crews. While working they are surrounded by guards and dogs watching for any sign of escape. Many of the inmates feel that the chains are not necessary that no one can escape between the dogs and guards. The cruelest of the punishments given out within the chain gang system was the hitching post. If an inmate refused to work they would be hand cuffed to a metal pole in the middle of the front lawn of the prison for 24 hours. This practice was considered to be a violation of the inmates civil rights and terminated in 1997. Because of the lack of results from this program Alabama quietly discontinued use of chain gangs in 1999. However in 2004, Maricopa County started a chain gang for juvenile offenders. Arizona was the first female chain gang and is still in use and has not had much as far as results either. They clean the streets of Phoenix and trim trees. They very in offenses but the most dominate seems to be drug abuse or trafficking. Of the 6 people the documentary interviewed 3 returned to prison within a few months. (Irving,1999) Another form of punishment within the prison systems besides chain gangs and probably the most common is solitary confinement. This practice is being challenged as inhumane because of the possible psychological damage it can create within the inmates. Humans are social creatures and being locked up in a small cell with on human contact for possibly years is destructive to their psyche. A study done with mice shows that mice, who are locked up with no contact with other mice for just 2 weeks, show considerably different behavior. They will avoid open areas and become paranoid around other mice. (Yost,2010) Most inmates released from solitary confinement will return for bad behavior and almost immediately lash out at the guards or other inmates. They believe that solitary confinement decreases the inmate’s ability to control themselves. Yost,2010) Drug addiction, emotional damage, low education, and poor employment skills define the inmates and these disabilities endanger the community upon release, because they retreat to what will support them instead of that minimum wage job. That minimum wage job like flipping burgers at McDonalds is the only type of job an ex-con can get most of the time. They are going to look down at t hat job just as much a law-abiding citizens and the only difference is they won’t stoop to that level, they will go back to the gang to support themselves and their family. They are also behind on the technology in some cases. Inmates that have been locked up for more than 5 years won’t know how to run the newer computers and the idea of cell phone always in their pocket is completely foreign to them. (Fleisher,2001,#1,2)(Fleisher,2001,#2,70) Fleisher and his colleagues have ideas of integrating the x-cons into the community upon release. He notes that the men who are sent to prison are individuals who were never fully integrated into our law-abiding society and upon release they simply go back to what they know, criminal behavior. He believes that some things could be done within the community. If the community didn’t hold their gang affiliations against the individuals when they are not active members then maybe they would not return to the gang. Forcing the individual to cut his ties to the only family he has ever known or to the only identity he has ever had makes them very uncertain of their place and makes it difficult for them to form a new one from scratch. Also, the implement of in-town treatment centers for them would also increase their ability and willingness to attend their sessions. Most treatment centers are too far for them to get to and having to pay to ride a bus clear across town is something they won’t be willing to do, especially if they are working that minimum paying job. (Fleisher,2001,#2,66-71) â€Å"We have little hard data on the demographics of today’s prison gangs and the nature and levels of prions gang-related disorder in American prisons. This lack of data is a serious impediment to making progress against a serious and growing problem. †(Fleisher,2001,#1,8) There has been a increase in both repeat offending, parole violators, sentence length, and lifers since the emergence of prison gangs. Most of the increases are above 30% during the 90s and have only averaged out instead of decreasing since. As of 1998 California and Texas had the largest prions populations even above the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Oklahoma was just behind Louisiana and Texas for highest incarceration rates per 100,000 state residents. (Fleisher,2001,#2,67) There is a connection between gangs and violence. A study conducted by John Worrall and Robert Morris found that individuals who are members of a gang have more reports of misconduct, violence toward inmates, and violence towards guards. Worrall,430) To understand a gang or just a gang member, one would have to live where they live and grow up in the types of neighborhoods they grew up in. They join gangs for reasons and those reasons are logical to them even though they are not to us. Joining a gang for them is probably much like joining the cheer squad, football team, or academic team would be to us. It is just what you do to be involved with a group that understands you and makes you feel wanted. Most of these kids probably just want the attention, which is why gangs are now using them to traffic their drugs. They don’t receive the harder sentences as an adult would and are less suspect. (Morningstar,8) For the adults that are released from prison, there needs to be more than chain gang experience on their resume. They need the vocational and college classes to make it as well as a strong community support system that is not going to judge them. (Krienert,57) How do we get to the point that society doesn’t judge an ex-con for his past crimes? I don’t believe as a society we will ever make that change. A business owner will not take a chance on a gang or even a former gang member for fear that he / she will use that position to take advantage of the business and all its assets. As far as the rest of society is concerned about ex-cons in general is that it doesn’t matter why you went to prison, you will never be trusted being a member of the community or the work force again. That being true for the thousands of ex-cons that can’t get a job, or find livable housing, it’s a wonder why they go back to doing the only thing they are good at. Gang membership and repeat offenders go hand in hand when you put those two elements together, and force those people to live in the life of a career criminal. Bibliography Articles * Barnet, Arnold. 1987. Prison Populations: A Projection Model. Operations Research. Vol. 35. No. 1. Pp. 18-34. http://www. jstor. org/stable/170907 * Carlson, Peter. 2001. Prison Interventions: Evolving Strategies to Control Security Threat Groups. Corrections Management Quarterly. Jan. 2001. Vol. 5. Issue 1. P. 10 * Davis, Mark and Flannery, Daniel. 2001. The Institutional Treatment of Gang Members. Corrections Management Quarterly Jan. 2001 Vol. 5. Issue 1. P. 32 * Drury, Alan and Delisi, Matt. 2008. Gang Kill: An Exploratory Empirical Assessment of Gang Membership, Homicide Offending, and Prison Misconduct. Crime Delinquency 2011 57:130 http://cad. sagepub. com/content57/1/130 * Eckhart, Dan. 2001. Civil Actions Related to Prison Gangs: A Survey of Federal Cases. Corrections Management Quarterly. Jan. 2001. Vol. 5. Issue 5. P59. * Fleisher. 1989. Warehousing Violence. Newbury Park, CA. Sage. * Fleisher and Decker. 2001. * 1. An Overview of The challenge of Prison Gangs. Corrections Management Quarterly Jan. 2001. Vol. 5. Issue 1. P1. * 2. Going Home, Staying Home: Integrating Prison Gang Members into the Community. Corrections Management Quarterly Jan. 2001. Vol. 5. Issue 1. P65 * Klivans, G. S. 2012. Use of Texting Abbreviations in Gang Codes. American Jails. Mar/Apr 2012. Vol. 26. Issue 1. P 35-38. * Krienert, Jessie and Fleisher, Mark. 2001. Gang Membership as a Proxy for Social Deficiencies: A Study of Nebraska Inamtes. Corrections Management Quarterly Jan. 2001. Vol. 5. Issue 1. P. 47 * Marchese, Joseph. 2009. Managing Gangs in a Correctional Facility: What Wardens and Superintendents Need to Know. Corrections Today. Feb 2009. Vol. 71 Issue 1 p. 44-47 * Morningstar, Dennise. 1997. Prison Gangs, Norms, and Organizations. Journal of Economic Behavior Organizaition 82 (2012) 96-109 * Phillips, Corretta. 2012. â€Å"It Ain’t Nothing Like America with the Bloods and Crips’. † Gang Narratives Inside Two English Prisons. Punishment Society 2012 14:51. http://pun. sagepub. com/content/14/1/51 * Rhodes, Lorna. 2001. Toward an Anthropology of Prisons. Annual Review of Anthropology. Vol 30 (2001) pg. 5-83. Annual Reviews http://www. jstor. org/stable/3069209 * Sharbek, David. 2011. Special Needs Offenders. The Federal Judicial Center Bulletin. No. 12. October 1997. * Tachiki, Scott. 1995. Indeterminate Sentences in Supermax Prisons Based Upon Alleged Gang Affiliations: A Reexamination of Procedural Protection and a Proposal for Greater Procedural Requirements. California Law Re view. Jul95 Vol. 83. Issue 4 pg. 1115-35 * Waterston, Alisse. 2005. The Story of My Story: An Anthropology of Violence, Dispossession, and Diaspora. Anthropological quarterly, Volume 78, Number 1, Winter 2005, pp. 43-61. George Washington University Institute for Ethnographic Research * Worrall, John and Morris, Robert. 2012. Prison Gang Integration and Inmate Violence. Journal of Criminal Justice 40 (2012) 425-432 Documentaries * Irving, Xackery. 1999. American Chain Gang. * Kukura, Andrew and Philips, Jenny. 2008. The Dhamma Brothers. * National Geographic. 2007. National Geographic: Aryan Brotherhood. National Geographic * Rogerson, Hank. 2005. Shakespeare Behind Bars. * Yost, Peter. 2010. Solitary Confinement. National Geographic. Websites Zimbardo, Philip G. 2012. The Stanford Prison Study. http://www. prisonexp. org/ How to cite Prison Food Chain, Essays

Reading Topographic Maps Sample Essay Example For Students

Reading Topographic Maps Sample Essay Instruction manuals: Enter the Virtual Lab and gather information to finish your study. Please type your replies. When your lab study is complete. subject it to the Submitted Assignments country of the Virtual Classroom. Part I: Answer the undermentioned inquiries while in the Phase 4 lab environment. Section 1: Analyze the topographic map resembling the country you have been carry oning your field research on. Contour intervals occur every 10 metres. 1. List the lifts of the undermentioned points: 2. Label each point with the appropriate landform or construction utilizing the ushers consulted in this Phase: 3. Which of the three hills ( left. centre. right ) is the highest in lift? 4. What is the highest point of this hill? 5. Which of the three hills ( left. centre. right ) is the lowest in lift? 6. What is the steepest subdivision in the country? Part II: For the undermentioned inquiries. supply your response in short-answer format ( 2–3 sentences each ) . Use this Phase’s activities. lab research. and resources to help you in replying. 7. What are contour lines and disposition ( slope ) . and how do they demo the form of the land on a topographic map? 8. How would this map aid you determine the flood plain? 9. How would this map aid you plan a edifice development? 10. Where would you construct. and why? 11. How would this map aid you plan a route to the development? 12. Where would you construct and route this route. and why?

The Article Activator Control of Nucleosome Occupancy in Activation and Repression of Transcription

Article Analysis The Authors’ Question The article Activator Control of Nucleosome Occupancy in Activation and Repression of Transcription by Bryant et al. delves on a highly studied area on the relationship between chromatin structure and gene expression (par.1). In this study, the authors assert that the universal activator, namely the Gal4, helps to remove promoter nucleosomes.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on The Article Activator Control of Nucleosome Occupancy in Activation and Repression of Transcription specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the process, it triggers the transcription of information. However, the way the activator performs this function is a least known process. This gap has been the subject of debate in many studies. To study this area, the research paper focuses on two questions, which include: Is the reformation of promoter nucleosomes required for gene silencing? Does Gal4 perfor m its task in sync with galactose and glucose? The Hypotheses A hypothesis is a central part of a research paper since it guides the process of proving or disapproving any author’s assumptions in a given research. In the article under study, Bryant et al. draw their hypotheses from the research questions (par.3). The hypotheses include: The reformation of promoter nucleosomes is required for gene silencing Gal4 continues to function in the presence of galactose and glucose What they Did to Test the Hypotheses To test their hypotheses, Bryant et al. used the experimentation method where they applied the quantitative micrococcal nuclease protection assay (par.4). The method is essential in the measurement of any specified DNA fragment together with the population that is covered or occupied by a nucleosome in vivo. Using this method, the authors seek to show that Gal4 recruits SWI/SNF in early steps of gene activation. Subsequently, it quickly removes the promoter nucleosome s. The authors also show that when SWI/SNF is not available, an augmented degree of gene recording is witnessed. Besides, the gene boosters are freed from nucleosomes. Once the relocation of body components from galactose to glucose is done, the recording process reduces. Nevertheless, once glucose is included in the cells that develop in galactose, the change of nucleosomes does not occur swiftly, even though mRNA manufacturing reduces. The Results Following the experiments, the results reveal the nuclease sensitivity in and around GAL1 10 UASg. The experiment shows that transcriptional machinery does not protect the digestion of micrococcal nuclease. These findings correlate with the previous studies that have used micrococcal nuclease.Advertising Looking for article on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In terms of the sensitivity of nuclease around GAL1 10UASg, the experiment reveals that each member of the populatio n has its DNA segments well protected. According to the article, the protection follows the presence of a molecule that is bound to UASg. Further, the experiment shows that SWI/SNF is a requirement for the rapid removal of nucleosome. Besides, the experiment confirms that any delay in the removal of nucleosome causes a corresponding interruption of the onset of the transcription process. Such findings are contrary to the previous studies that have claimed that the mutation of SNF2 does not have any influence and effect on the transcription process of GAL genes. What the Results Mean The results of the study indicate that the reorganization of nucleosomes is not compulsory for subjugation or DNA suppression. Further, the results signify that the GAL4 continues to function in the presence of galactose and glucose. The findings effectively disapprove previous results that have suggested that SNF2 does not have any influence on the transcription of GAL genes. Thus, the research opens a new area of knowledge that needs further investigation to find the reason GAL2 continues to function in the presence of galactose and glucose and the main aim of such function. Works Cited Bryant, Gene, Vidya Prabhu, Monique Floer, Xin Wang, Dan Spagna, David Schreiber, and Mark Ptashne. Activator Control of Nucleosome Occupancy in Activation and Repression of Transcription, 2008. Web. This article on The Article Activator Control of Nucleosome Occupancy in Activation and Repression of Transcription was written and submitted by user Kiera Christensen to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on The Starry Night

The Starry Night Anne Sexton poem The Starry Night reflects the Vincent von Gogh’s painting The Starry Night very well. If one was to do a little research into the lives of the writer and the artist they would find that they were kind of in the same path in life when they did these two works. Sexton mood in the poem matches the one in the painting. The two works have a lot in common and that could be because of the creator’s lifestyle. Van Gogh painting â€Å"The Starry Night was completed near the mental asylum of Saint-Remy, 13 months before Van Gogh's death† (online 1) and Sexton were depressed most of the time. Though there is not much information on Van Gogh’s life, we can see form Sexton’s life why she was inspired by this painting. She had tried to commit suicide a number of times because she was obviously not happy with her life. She was searching for comfort and when she could not find it in her parents she found it in her aunt who died later on and that made her more depressed. She was not happy in her marriage and had lots of affairs, and seeing therapist who encouraged her to continuing writhing. During her life she had tried to committed suicide on a number of ocasions and was finally successful in the end. In the poem she is viewing death as a serpent that swallows up the stars, she states that’s how she wants to die, for the life to just be sucked up with no cry. (1401). She was so depressed with life that she, judging from the poem, wants to disappear form everything. She dose not want to exist anymore. Wants to die a quiet and fast death. The painting it self is very depressing, but in a sense it’s kind of restful. The way that its restful is the little houses in the village they seem in a way really cozy and peaceful, while the sky is at war with it self. The one tree that’s there in the front is very dreary and dead and that makes it depressing. The poem is also depressing a peac... Free Essays on The Starry Night Free Essays on The Starry Night The Starry Night Anne Sexton poem The Starry Night reflects the Vincent von Gogh’s painting The Starry Night very well. If one was to do a little research into the lives of the writer and the artist they would find that they were kind of in the same path in life when they did these two works. Sexton mood in the poem matches the one in the painting. The two works have a lot in common and that could be because of the creator’s lifestyle. Van Gogh painting â€Å"The Starry Night was completed near the mental asylum of Saint-Remy, 13 months before Van Gogh's death† (online 1) and Sexton were depressed most of the time. Though there is not much information on Van Gogh’s life, we can see form Sexton’s life why she was inspired by this painting. She had tried to commit suicide a number of times because she was obviously not happy with her life. She was searching for comfort and when she could not find it in her parents she found it in her aunt who died later on and that made her more depressed. She was not happy in her marriage and had lots of affairs, and seeing therapist who encouraged her to continuing writhing. During her life she had tried to committed suicide on a number of ocasions and was finally successful in the end. In the poem she is viewing death as a serpent that swallows up the stars, she states that’s how she wants to die, for the life to just be sucked up with no cry. (1401). She was so depressed with life that she, judging from the poem, wants to disappear form everything. She dose not want to exist anymore. Wants to die a quiet and fast death. The painting it self is very depressing, but in a sense it’s kind of restful. The way that its restful is the little houses in the village they seem in a way really cozy and peaceful, while the sky is at war with it self. The one tree that’s there in the front is very dreary and dead and that makes it depressing. The poem is also depressing a peac...

International Logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

International Logistics - Essay Example Most of the organizations were always maintained a good inventory of raw materials in order to sustain the production in case of a shortage of raw materials in between. Organizations were taken such precautionary measures because of their limited access to domestic and international sources of raw materials. But now globalization has opened the doors widely open for both domestic and international business and hence the access of raw material sources is not at all a problem now. Moreover the advancements in computers and internet technologies have made the task easy for organizations to despatch and procure goods in time. For the last ten years or so, the freight transportation industry has been facing new challenges such as time sensitive industrial and commercial practices as well as the globalization of markets. In response to these changes, new information related technologies have developed rapidly. (Roy, 2001)Just-In-Time procurement practices are one of the latest developments in international logistics. â€Å"Just-in-time (JIT) is defined as â€Å"a philosophy of manufacturing based on planned elimination of all waste and on continuous improvement of productivity†.   It also has been described as an approach with the objective of producing the right part in the right place at the right time (in other words, â€Å"just in time†).† (JUST-IN-TIME (JIT) PRODUCTION, 2006)   This paper briefly analyzes various aspects of Just-In-Time procurement practices. Freight transportation industry had faced new challenges in the last decade which affected the supply chains and logistic processes. â€Å"The first change may be attributed to the impetus towards inventory reduction which led to Just-In-Time procurement practices.† (Roy, 2001) Just-In-Time (JIT) Procurement System designed to put general purpose materials at the work places only at the time when they are actually needed. Advance procurement

Homicide in Puerto Rico Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Homicide in Puerto Rico - Essay Example are used to provide the reasons behind the increase of murders. Certain suggestions have been provided in this paper to control and try to minimize the number of incidents in this paradise. Puerto Rico is rated third in homicide cases, as it has registered nearly 800 cases in 2004 which is serious concern for the Puerto Rican government. This drastic increase in crime rate has damaged the reputation of Puerto Rica which is also known as Island's Paradise, affecting the tourism industry. It is for this reason, the issue needs to be taken seriously and probable and suitable measures need to be evolved to curtail and diminish such heinous activities from the society. The criminal is recognized by his tastes, occupation, and his interests towards alcohol, cards and sexual vices. The extent of criminality seems to vary inversely with the extent to which they are incorporated in closely integrated family and community groups. The most aggravated crime i.e. murder and homicide is turning out to be a hot debatable issue through the world. Be it Daniel Pearl's killing episode of United States or Satyanarayana of India, where both of them beheaded by the terrorist in Afghanistan. Homicides nowadays have become so prevalent that it seems like our daily activities. But the fact that gives us rush down the adrenaline is the amount of homicides committed throughout the period. The data released by the National Center for Victims of Crime (2008) reveals that 1 murder occurs every 32 minutes, 1 violent crime every 6 seconds, 56 women victimized every 19 seconds, 1 assault every 7 seconds and 1 sexual assault every 2 minutes. It has been observed that of all Puerto Rico has more crime than the US mainland. The crimes in Puerto Rico decreased drastically during 90's (from 32,300 in 1992 to 11,400 in 2001). There was an incredible rise in the cases reported pertaining to murders and homicides since 1999 (593 cases) while in the year 2005, the figure climbed to 766. However this was -4% less than the previous year 2004 where 797 cases were reported. There is an incredible rise in crime trend which provides a brief overview of the violence prevalent in Puerto Rico. (Violence in Puerto Rico) The data obtained from FBI and the Police of Puerto Rico shows that there is lower annual rate and faster improvement in aggravated assault, rape and robbery, higher homicide rate and higher lethality ratio than the mainland. According to Lefort (2000) Puerto Rico was one of the poorest regions of the United States during 20th century. (Ricardo Godoy, 2008) 1.1 Rate of Homicide - Puerto Rico Puerto Rico with the population of nearly 4 million during 2004, has witnesses 760 murders during 2003, thus making homicide the 11th leading cause of death which constitutes 2.7% of the total deaths occurred in the place. (Violence in Puerto Rico) During 1999-2003, of 3,613 total homicides in Puerto Rico, 2,303 (64%) occurred among persons aged

US Energy Consumption Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

US Energy Consumption - Research Paper Example Unfortunately, there has been a relatively stagnation in the number of energy resources that the US and other governments rely on. In order to ensure sustainability of the current energy resources, policies have been formulated to guide the process of exploration of the resources (Korporaal 2012). In most cases, the policies have been developed to guide the process of energy consumption to ensure that it happens with efficiency. In addition to such policies, there have been other strategies formulated to ensure that new sources of energy are made available to the country’s energy sector. The formulation of such policies has, however, attracted different opinions with some people or groups of people opposing them, either wholly or partially. The varied opinions have and continue to contribute to the status of energy consumption in the United States of America (Korporaal 2012). The current status of energy consumption in the US As stated earlier on, there has been an increasing amount of energy consumed by the US population. Specific forms of consumption have been experiencing different growths. In fact, the energy consumed by the industrial sector has experienced very little increase in the past 4 decades. However, the energy consumed in other sectors such as residential, commercial and transportation has experienced growth, in the same period, of about 8000 trillion Btu on average. According to the Energy Information Administration (EIA), there will be a general increase in energy demand in the United States in the next 20 years. This will be as a result of the dramatic shifts in people’s lifestyle. Most of the energy demand will be due to the ever-increasing need for energy to be used in the generation of power to run commercial investments and industries. In the US today, it has been found that about half of the total electricity generated is fro m the use of coal in steam engines. Coal is a fossil fuel subject to depletion in the near future. In addition to this data it has been determined that of all the green house gases emitted in the United States, 85 % of them result from activities or processes supported by the consumption of fossil fuel. This, therefore, means that a reduction in the amount of fossil fuels consumed in the country can result in reduced emission of green house gases emission (Anonymous 2012). The future of energy consumption in the United States According to forecasts done by specialists in the energy sector, the global energy demand will grow in the next 25 year to reach a value of approximately 57%. This will affect the US energy demand in some aspects because it will see it rise by about 30% within the same period. In addition, more than half of the energy used all over the world will occur in the Asian continent by the year 2030 (Katakey 2012). At this particular time the US will have experienced a bout 40% growth in the demand for electricity energy. All these forecasts and estimations indicate the importance of having efficient energy policies in place to put countries of the world, including the US, in a better position to embrace the future together with its challenges. Policies surrounding energy consumption in the US have been formulated in the direction of addressing the state of future energy consumption. The most common policies have included making legislations to guide the development and distribution of renewable energy to cater for the increasing demand, and address the fact that

Mental Health Issues among University Students

Mental Health Issues among University Students Introduction Mental health issue among university students is a major growing health concern. Research conducted in recent years has established that cases of students diagnosed with mental health issues are on the rise. A study conducted by the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) found out that one in four students in the US suffers from a mental-related health issue. In the UK, university counselors have reported increased cases of students dealing with mental-related issues. A survey conducted by NUS in 2014 established that 75% of the students suffered from a mental health issues (Winrow, 2017).   There are also increased cases of university students dropping out of school because of being overwhelmed by mental health issues. Mental health status of a university student is of uttermost importance because it plays a critical role in shaping the education life. In the UK, about 15,000 first year students reported dealing with mental health issues (Burns, 2017). The figures are a sharp contrast to about 3000 students in 2006 that were diagnosed with mental health issues. Surveys conducted by different companies have also established that females are more likely to report a mental health issue than males. Mental health issues affecting university students There are numerous mental health issues that affect university students. Depression is among the prevalent mental health issues among students. A survey conducted by YouGov found that 77% of students with mental health issue had depression (Aronin and Smith, 2016). Anxiety is another mental health issue facing university students. Anxiety is largely caused by divergent issues like exam fear and experiencing difficulties while studying. University education is quite demanding and may prove a high-energy consuming activity for some students. Students are also expected to attain a certain score to guarantee them a pass in a certain class. Resultantly, some students may become anxious about their performance, which may affect their mental status. Stress among university students is another major mental health issue. Stress among university students is influenced by different factors. The highly demanding university studies are a leading cause of stress among the university students. Othe r causes of stress include examinations, deadlines, managing debts and demand coursework. Other mental health issues facing university students in the UK include self-harm, suicidal thoughts, eating disorders, and addiction. Causes of mental health issues There are numerous and divergent students pressures that may cause mental health issues. They include; Living independently for the first time Some university students are compelled to live independently depending on the location of the university they study. Living away from their homes may result to loneliness. Students living alone may feel overwhelmed by responsibilities, which they are expected to do on their own. At times, they may also feel scared. Such situations may lead to mental health issues. Managing an increased workload Students are expected to go through a large amount of workload during their university education. Students are expected to bear the amount of workload expected in a university. However, some students find it a tall order, which may make them uncomfortable and unhappy. Failing to manage increased workload can result in poor performance. Such students may fail to complete assignment and fail to meet deadlines set for different academic activities. As a result, such students may develop stress, which affects their mental health status. Additional work responsibilities Some students may be in engaged in other responsibilities like working on a part-time basis. They may engage in such activities to raise income that will help them to sustain their university education. Balancing between education and part-time job is at times a challenge that may bring health mental issues. Culture shock, language barriers, and homesickness International students studying in different UK universities suffer from culture shock, language barrier, and homesickness. These students are compelled to leave their families and countries and embark on education in the UK.   They are compelled to go through a difficult period of learning a new culture feel like strangers. Cultural differences may at times feel strange and difficult to adopt. International students also experience language barrier, which may make it difficult for them to comprehend what the professors are saying. Language barrier may also make it difficult for such students to interact with local students. International students experience homesickness because they are separated from their family and loved ones. Such issues lead to substantial levels of stress, which affect their mental health status. Increased study costs The cost of funding university education is on the rise. Resultantly, students are increasing a difficult situation of dealing with the soaring expenses to fund their education. A research conducted among 2000 students by NUS established that a third of them report of having mental health issues because of financial problems (Minsky, 2016). The students stated credit cards and payday loans as some of the financial problems that contributed to mental health issues. Maintenance loans given to students results in increased stress because students are worried about their debts. Increasingly competitive job market The job market is getting increasingly competitive, which results in increased pressure among university students. New grads looking for jobs are compelled to cope with increased competition. Employers have increased the competitiveness of the job market because they are looking for grads that possess hard and STEM skills. Universities are churning out students, who do not have employability skills that can match the fast-changing skills that characterize the competitive job market. Curbing health mental issues Besides relying on health authorities to monitor mental health issues among students, universities need to increase support services that should look after their own students to help them deal with mental health issues. The already established support services that deal with mental health issues are overwhelmed by the increasing number of students affected. A study conducted by IPPR found out that one in four students is using or waiting to use counseling services. In Leeds University, the study found out that there was a 50% increase in demand of mental health services, while the University of Birmingham there has been an annual increase of 5-6% for the past 10 years in need of the services (Burns, 2017).   Universities need to prioritize mental health issues and channel more resources and effort towards curbing the issues. Additionally, universities need to improve students’ access to National Health Service (NHS) In summary, it is evident from the above discussion that mental health issues among university is a major concern that should be taken more seriously given the rising cases of the affected students. Mental health issues stem from different student pressures like living independently for the first time, managing an increased workload, additional work responsibilities, and soaring university cost. Students may experience different mental health issues like depression, stress, anxiety, and eating disorders. Universities need to increase their efforts towards establishing the right support services to handle increasing cases of students experiencing mental health issues. References Aronin, S. and Smith, M. (2016). YouGov | One in four students suffer from mental health problems. [online] YouGov: What the world thinks. Available at: https://yougov.co.uk/news/2016/08/09/quarter-britains-students-are-afflicted-mental-hea/ [Accessed 15 Feb. 2018]. Burns, J. (2017). Sharp rise in student mental illness. [online] BBC News. Available at: http://www.bbc.com/news/education-41148704 [Accessed 15 Feb. 2018]. Minsky, C. (2016). UK students’ mental health affected by financial worries. [online] Times Higher Education (THE). Available at: https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/news/uk-students-mental-health-affected-financial-worries [Accessed 15 Feb. 2018]. Winrow, L. (2017). More students are dropping out of university because of mental health. [online] The Independent. Available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/more-students-are-dropping-out-of-university-because-of-mental-health-problems-a7788901.html [Accessed 15 Feb. 2018].

Abortion Essay -- essays research papers

Abortion, termination of pregnancy before the foetus is capable of independent life. When the expulsion from the uterus occurs after the foetus becomes viable (capable of independent life), usually at the end of six months of pregnancy, it is technically a premature birth. In the United Kingdom, when the foetus is not born alive after 24 weeks of pregnancy it is termed a still birth. II. Types of AbortionPrint section Abortion may be spontaneous or induced. Expelled foetuses weighing less than 0.5 kg (18 oz) or of less than 20 weeks' gestation are usually considered abortions. A. Spontaneous AbortionPrint section It is estimated that some 25 per cent of all human pregnancies terminate spontaneously in abortion, with three out of four abortions occurring during the first three months of pregnancy. Some women apparently have a tendency to abort, and recurrent abortion decreases the probability of subsequent successful childbirth. The causes of spontaneous abortions, or miscarriages, are not clearly established. Abnormal development of the embryo or placental tissue, or both, is found in about half the cases; these abnormalities may be due to inherent faults in the germ cells or may be secondary to faulty implantation of the developing ovum or to other characteristics of the maternal environment. Severe vitamin deficiencies have been shown to play a role in abortions in experimental animals. Hormone deficiencies have also been found in women who are subject to recurrent abortions. Spontaneous abortions may also be caused by such maternal abnormalities as acute infectious diseases, systemic diseases such as nephritis and diabetes, and severe trauma. Uterine malformations, including tumours, are responsible in some instances. The most common symptom of threatened abortion is vaginal bleeding, with or without intermittent pain. About a quarter of all pregnant women bleed at some time during early pregnancy, however, and up to 50 per cent of these women carry the foetus to full term. Treatment for threatened abortion usually consists of bed rest. Almost continuous bed rest throughout pregnancy is required in some cases of repeated abortion; vitamin and hormone therapy may also be given. Surgical correction of uterine abnormalities may be indicated in certain of these cases. Spontaneous abortion may result in expulsion of all or part of the contents of t... ...here abortion was permitted only to save a woman's life contained about 20 per cent of the world's population. Countries with moderately restrictive laws—abortions permitted to protect a woman's health, to end pregnancies resulting from rape or incest, to avoid genetic or congenital defects, or in response to social problems such as unmarried status or low income—contained some 40 per cent of the world's population. Abortions at the woman's request, usually with limits based on physical conditions such as duration of pregnancy, were allowed in countries with nearly 40 per cent of the world's population. In the United States, legislation followed the world trend. Abortion is illegal in many Roman Catholic and Islamic countries, although it may be carried out in cases where the mother's life is immediately at risk. It is legal in France and Italy, but illegal throughout Ireland. In England, Wales, and Scotland abortion has, since the 1967 Abortion Act, been free on demand and is available on the National Health Service. A woman seeking an abortion has to secure the agreement of two doctors rather than just one—the only medical procedure in the United Kingdom where this is required.

Aristotle’s Definition Of Virtue

Nowadays, virtues are associated with refinement and nobility of one’s character. Aristotle believed that virtue is a function of the soul that guides every action of an individual. Thus, every action illuminates the discretion of an individual to act freely the chosen disposition. Since every human has a soul and virtue is its activity, can we classify every action as virtuous action? In Nicomachaen Ethics, Aristotle examined the inter-relations among the purpose of every human action, virtues, and vices in the achievement of happiness. Aristotle believed that the supreme good is the ultimate goal of every human endeavor. What then is the â€Å"good† for a man that can be possibly attained through his endeavors? It is happiness but relatively defined; vulgar men associated it with pleasure while people with refined character ascribed it to honor. While these things are pursued to achieve happiness in one’s self, but â€Å"good† should be pursued not only for happiness but for the â€Å"good† itself—as an end. The â€Å"good† brings happiness and is associated with function or activity. For instance, if you are a behest pianist then, you are good in playing piano for you are functioning well. The well-performance of your function creates happiness not only for yourself but also for the others, thus, giving you a unique identity. In the same line of reasoning, soul is an aspect of humans that differentiated them from the rest of the animals. Thus, man’s function concerns the soul. The rational component of the soul controls man’s impulses, thus, makes him virtuous. Therefore, â€Å"human good turns out to be an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue, and if there are more than one virtue, in accordance with the best and most complete. † As such, the nature of virtue then should be explored. Moral Virtues The product of teaching is the intellectual virtue while moral virtue resulted from the habit. Thus, it is never the case that moral virtue arises spontaneously on man’s being. Moral virtues are inculcated in man’s soul and perfected by habits. â€Å"For the things we have to learn before we can do them, we learn by doing them. For if all men are naturally born good or bad, adept or inept in certain skills, teachers have no sense at all. On the same ground, moral virtues can be learned or destroyed in one’s soul: by interacting with others we may become just or unjust; by experiencing perils we may become brave or coward; and other circumstances may impart hedonism, ill-temperance, or self-indulgence. Moreov er, by absorbing moral virtues at very young age, great difference will be made in one’s soul. Since it is through training, virtues are acquired; training then at very young age can mold virtuous personality. Conditions for the Conduct of Virtues Just and temperate actions are done by a man who has the sense of justice and temperance. â€Å"But if the acts that are in accordance with the virtues have themselves a certain character it does not follow that they are done justly or temperately. † Several conditions are necessary for the conduct of every virtuous action: knowledge of virtues; disposition for virtuous actions; and power to do virtuous actions. Hence, knowledge on virtues is not enough to become virtuous; rather, the disposition to put virtues into actions is a must. It is common sense to us, for example, that insufficient food and water taken into the body results to poor nutrition while a balanced diet ensures good health. â€Å"So too is it, then, in the case of temperance and courage and other virtues. † Avoidance of fears leads to timidity while extreme braveness endangers one’s life; absolute abstinence creates insensibility while hedonism shapes one’s indulgence. Since wrong doings are committed due to pleasure and noble character is avoided due to pain, pleasures and pain then are subjects of every virtue. The Doctrine of the Mean â€Å"Now neither virtues nor the vices are passions, because we are not called good or bad on the ground of our passions, but are so called on the ground of our virtues and our vices. † Passions, faculties, and states of character exist in the soul: passions are desires; faculties are abilities to perceive passions; and states of character are the choices to either put the passion in action or not. Feelings of pains and pleasures or passions, and the knowledge on good or bad are not virtues for virtues involve modes of choice. In addition, we naturally have faculties and desires. The man’s virtue then, involves the state of character that makes the realization of every desire that either good or bad. â€Å"For instance, both fear and confidence and appetite and anger and pity and in general pleasure and pain may be felt too much or too little, and in both cases not well; but to feel them at the right times, with reference to the right objects, towards the right people, with the right motive, and in the right way, is what is both intermediate and best, and this is the characteristic of virtue. The deficient and excess among the activities that give pleasure or pain is a vice while moral virtues lie in between of these deficiency and excessiveness, hence, the mean. However, the â€Å"mean† can not be found among actions which are entirely wrong such as crimes and envy. For the â€Å"mean† among entirely wrong actions is either its excess or deficiency, â€Å"but however, they are done they are entirely wrong; for in general there is neither a mean of excess and deficiency, nor excess and deficiency of a mean. Also, an extreme of a particular activity can be closer to its mean such as in the case of courage; courage is more of rashness than cowardice. This is so because of the things that are farther from its â€Å"mean† are its opposites. Moreover, Aristotle’s concept of the â€Å"mean† is not a strict doctrine; since the things and degree of happiness for each individual varies, so as the extent to which the â€Å"mean† for every case lies. It is only through the aid of our practical reason that we may determine the mean in a particular situation. Thus, virtue is a set of innate dispositions for the governance one’s action towards the attainment of happiness. Happiness then is not achieved unless one acted in accordance with his virtuous dispositions. Since actions are the concern of moral virtues, the attributes then of which should be examined. The Nature of Actions The nature of actions was classified by Aristotle as voluntary, nonvoluntary and involuntary. Involuntary actions are done against one’s disposition; voluntary actions are in accordance with the disposition; and nonvoluntary actions are accidentally done due to ignorance. Since virtue governs one’s disposition to act in accordance with the â€Å"mean,† the primary basis then of a virtuous action is the goodness of choice. For an action is always a product of premeditated choice of an individual for the attainment of one’s purpose, it is therefore voluntary. This also satisfies the conditions that Aristotle believed are necessary for virtue: knowledge, volition, and doing. On the other hand, if an individual was forced for a certain action, although seem involuntary, he is still responsible for that action for he has a choice for not doing. Meanwhile doing things because of ignorance is involuntary if at the end, one recognizes ignorance while failure to do so, makes it nonvoluntary. For instance, if a drunkard is addicted to liquor due to inability to discern virtuous things, the person then is guilty of ignorance and the action is nonvoluntary. If at some point of time, the person realized his ignorance, the action then becomes involuntary. With these, only ignorance can excuse an action to be called a vice but has limitation. If after realizing virtuous things, the person has continued to be a drunkard, then the action is voluntary and he is therefore vicious. Conclusion For Aristotle therefore, virtues are dispositions that acted in accordance with the doctrine of the mean towards the attainment of happiness. Happiness can not be achieved by merely just having or knowing virtues, rather by putting virtuous dispositions into actions. Thus, virtue is an active condition that makes one apt at choosing.

History of the Event Industry Essay

Throughout the years the event industry has gained a major place in everyday life. From the first events of the 19th century, such as the Great Exhibition, to a 2012 music festival. The event industry has developed a huge help to our country’s economy. To the extent of which the â€Å"government is supporting and promoting events as part of their strategies for economic development† (Bowdin and Allen, 2006). There are several types of events. Nowadays, there is almost an event for anything imaginable. First, we will analyse what exactly an event is and the different type of events, then we will be looking at the origins of years. Therefore, we will be able to estimate the future of events. First, there are several definitions of event from different authors. Accepted Practices Exchange Industry Glossary (2003) defines an event as â€Å"an organized occasion such as a meeting, convention, exhibition, special event, gala dinner, etc. An event is often composed of several different yet related functions†. Events enable people to meet up and exchange. There is a large variety of events within four main categories: leisure events, cultural events, organizational events and personal events. Leisure events are an important and growing part of the event industry. Indeed, sport events can generate a huge amount of money for a country because they do not only attract the locals, they attract tourists. Therefore, advertisement comes in thanks to the media coverage, generating extra money. Sport events not only bring benefits(to their host governments and sport organisations, but also benefit participants such as players, coaches and officials, and bring entertainment to spectators (Bowdin and Allen, 2006, p. 20). Cultural events can be ceremonial, sacred, heritage, artistic or musical (Shone and Parry, 2004). Events like these are highly linked with tourism, so they generate income for the event hosts and for the community as the tourists do not usually only go to the event, they stay in hotels, go shopping, etc. Most towns are known thanks to the festivals they host, for instance, Reading is known for the music festival named after the town, the Reading Festival. Organisational events include sales, conferences, charities, politic meetings, business meetings, etc. If we look into conferences, Rogers defines conferences as â€Å"an out-of-office meeting of at least four hours duration involving a minimum of eight people† (Rogers, 2003 p.19). For instance, the G20 conference reunites the leaders of the top 20 world economies to discuss the current situation and make important decisions. These conferences have high importance so the planning of the event has to be perfect. Finally, personal events are the last type of event. It can include weddings, birthdays, anniversaries or funera ls. Personal events are smaller than the other type of events. Weddings are very popular in the event industry; people spend a lot of money on their weddings therefore expecting a perfect organisation. Personal events are supposedly events where the host has a personal link with every guest and the event is usually put together for one or two people. Having seen all the different types of events, we can now analyse the history of the event industry. First of all, the event industry began when events needed trained event managers. However, historically, the organisation of small events did not require any specific expertise. For instance, a wedding would be managed by the bride’s mother. Some families still do it that way; however, some people prefer to pay a professional event manager to avoid having to do the numerous tasks and to avoid the stress involved in organising such an important event. Therefore, event managers began to emerge. Moreover, when big events emerged, an event manager was essential. Such as, the Great Exhibition at the Crystal Palace in 1851 which was â€Å"conceived to symbolize this industrial, military and economic superiority of Great Britain.† (http://www.victorianstation.com/palace.html, 2001 [online]). It was an event recognized almost everywhere in the world which hugely helped the British economy as it was a great way to promote their industry. According to Dale (1995) the Great Exhibition was a big success which hosted over 6 million visitors. The event made a considerable profit of over  £180 000 (Exhibition Committee, 1995). This was the first big international trade show and therefore many exhibition venues started emerging, for instance, the Royal Agricultural Hall in 1862 or Olympia a few years later (Bowdin and Allen, 2006, p.6). So the 1850’s is when the organisational events started to emerge but the sport events started many years before that. Indeed, sport events, such as, the equestrian event called the Royal Ascot appeared in 1711 and the famous Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race in 1829. The UK is known for its sporting events and most of them are originally from the eighteenth and nineteenth century. Sporting events were very popular at the time and still are, so they kept emerging throughout the years. For example, the FA Cup emerged in 1872 and Wimbledon appeared in 1877 which is a huge success in the tennis world and it represented the higher class in the British society. These events attracted many visitors, therefore â€Å"providing major benefits for local economies† (English Tourism, 1999). Cultural events such as, music festivals began to come forth in the event industry from the early 1870’s with the Workington Festival. Later in that period, the Last Night of the Proms appeared which is probably one of the biggest music events in the world (Bowdin and Allen, 2006, p.7). The Last Night of the Proms was set up to encourage people who would not normally attend to classical concerts but who would be attracted by the low ticket prices and a laid-back atmosphere. Robert Newman, the founder of the event, (Nedal, 2010,[online]) announced his goals as such: â€Å"I am going to run nightly concerts and train the public by easy stages. Popular at first, gradually raising the standard until I have created a public for classical and modern music.† After noticing the growth of events, Wood (1982) drew attention to the start of the event industry. She recognised that organising popular celebrations required wealth for people to participate therefore bank holidays emerged, such as, the Silver Jubilee and the Golden Jubilee. These bank holidays enabled the working class to participate in the events thanks to their paid days off. This is when the government starts paying more attention to the event industry. After the Second World War, events are recognised to be of high importance to the economy of the country. Indeed, hundreds of festivals emerged thanks to the general increase of wealth and the free time availability. Foreign cultural events increased as well, for instance, the West Indian community founded the Notting Hill Carnival in 1964 to celebrate and commemorate their ancestors’ freedom from slavery (Holder, 2001). Around the 1970’s, a large amount of popular music festivals appeared, for example, the Pilton Festival and the Isle of Wight Festival. The Isle of Wight festival was a huge success on the popularity front but it had a few organisational issues. The entry fee became free as they lost control of admissions due to an overcrowded venue. After that incident, the Isle of Wight festival stopped for a few years (Bowdin and Allen, 2006, p.9). Moreover, from the 1970’s, the government and the local authorities financed a range of new multipurpose venues, including the Wembley Exhibition Centre. From then onwards, development of outdoor and indoor venues has not stopped increasing. With the increase of events, event is turning into a professional sector. We have seen how the event industry has developed, however, now we will look at the technological changes and the transport improvements that have revolutionised events. First, the appearance of the television had a big impact on events. It enabled people to watch any given event whilst sitting in a sofa; therefore, any event that was broadcasted on television had a considerably larger audience. The Los Angeles Olympic Games was one of the first events to be broadcasted on television. It was a great success as the economic benefits were very high (Bowdin and Allen, 2006, p.10). We will now analyse the relatively recent Olympic Games to demonstrate how the technological changes and the transport improvements made the events so successful compared to the past Olympic Games. First, transport made the games more accessible. The number of flights increased so the speed of travel was faster and more regular. In addition, huge container ships, super tankers, appeared making it easier for the hosting countries to import a huge amount of material goods for the establishment of the venues and the sport facilities. So it made the Olympics bigger in size which meant that there was a bigger audience and more sport athletes. Furthermore, the appearance of computers made life much easier for event managers as they could do all their organisation plans on their PC and virtually design the whole event. When internet emerged it made communication much easier and more efficient. Indeed, for someone to receive an email it takes around 3 seconds which is a bonus for stressed event managers who need to have quick answers. Computing and event managing went to another level when Skype appeared. â€Å"The service allows users to communicate with peers by voice using a microphone, video by using a webcam, and instant messaging over the Internet.† (Techspot, 2012 [online]). Skype enables organisers to have video conferences with each other wherever they might be. For example, if a meeting is taking place in London and one of the members is in Japan they can still have a live conversation with him on the computer screen. This probably often happened in the process of planning the London Olympics. Another technologic invention is the smartphone. Indeed, this is a very recent invention which can do a huge amount, on the move. The main advantage of smartphones is the applications available. Applications that can give you all the latest news about the Olympics live, or some can tell you the easiest way to get to the event. An application that is often used by smartphone owners is the QR barcode reader which is a new form of advertisement for businesses. The idea is that the smartphone acts like a barcode reader thanks to the camera so it can read any given QR code for the advert to appear on the smartphone’s screen. For example, when the Olympics had an advertisement for cheap tickets to see the games and it had a QR code, the smartphone owner could scan the code which would send them to the website to get the cheap tickets. All these applications made the Olympics much more accessible and just easier to gather information. Moreover, for the opening ceremony of the London Olympics, the lighting technology was highly impressive with all the latest technology. The pixel animations were made to draw the audience, in the arena and watching it on the television. It consisted making animations with the lights that where placed on the edge of every spectator in the stadium. â€Å"A total of 27 animated sequences, lasting 75 minutes, were created for the closing ceremony, using 634,500 individual LED pixels that together created what is believed to be the largest video screen† (Bond A.,2012 [online]). All this new technology used for the Olympics is one of the reasons why it was so popular. And it will, most likely, be used in future events. Putting the Olympics aside, a technological feature that has recently been used in a music festival is the hologram. â€Å"A hologram is a technique which enables three-dimensional images to be made† (Concert Boom, 2011, [online]). In a concert in the United States a well-known rapper who died in 1996, Tupac, appeared on stage in 3D. â€Å"A life-size hologram of Tupac who stunned the crowd of 75,000 fans when he appeared onstage† (Fitzmaurice and Mcconnell, 2012, [online]). It shows to what extent technology can go in the event world. After seeing how the event industry has changed, it raises the question of where the event industry is going. For many years, technology has not stopped emerging in events. Therefore, event managers have to adapt to the constant change of technology. Ecology is another factor that event managers have to be aware of. Indeed, the environment has become a big issue. Events, such as festival, are not usually environmentally friendly. Therefore, event managers will have to research different ways of avoiding damaging the environment which will change events. Due to the environmental changes, the price of transport will get higher because of the petrol shortage. Events will, therefore, be more expensive. Furthermore, health and safety regulations will most likely get stricter so events might lose a bit of their creative freedom. The event industry will have to adapt to the future changes in society to keep the society interested in events. Creativity with the use of technology, such as the use of the hologram, will keep the crowd interested. So the future of successful big events will be down to creativity, the use of technology and the environmental consequences of the event. However, even if big events will constantly evolve, it does not mean that traditional events, such as weddings, will change. Indeed, there is only a minimum of technology that a wedding needs to be successful. Therefore, unless the whole concept of a wedding changes, weddings will, more or less, stay the same. It will be the same for birthday celebrations and anniversaries. Throughout this paper, we have discovered that events have a considerable role in todays’ society and that events have evolved a huge amount throughout the years. By looking at the changes of events throughout the years, it should be possible to have an idea of the future of events. However, anything can happen and we do not know what new invention will see the light that will change the whole event industry. But the common idea seems to be that the technology and the environment are the two main factors that will change the big events, such as sport events, but the traditional events will not change. References Bond A. (2010) The greatest disco on Earth! Pixel animations turn Olympic Stadium into psychedelic light show. In MailOnline.[online] available from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2187468/The-greatest-disco-Earth-Pixe

Anthem Novel essays

Anthem Novel essays The book Anthem is about a man, Equality 7-2521, living in a collective society. A collective society is a group on people that consider themselves as one. In a collective society there is no such thing as I because there are no individuals there is only the group. Everybody in that society thinks the same about everything and only does what is considered right by the head council. You were only alive to serve your brothers and no brother is better that the next. Throughout the book Equality 7-2521 is different, his train of thought and views are way ahead of his time and his fellow brothers. Equality 7-2521 believes that he is his own person and that he chooses the path his life will travel. He is the one who decides to go into the forest, he chooses to go into his secret tunnel, and he chose to show the council his light Whatever road I take, the guiding star is within me; the guiding star and the loadstone, which point the way. They point to in but one direction. They point to me. Pg. 95 Equality 7-2521 was only taught to think that one was nothing and the group was everything. He was also taught to believe that the council had the authority to control what he did, like where he worked. So to think of himself as the head person of his life, the person who makes the decisions shows his intelligence. He realized that even if the council or any other person said that he had to go do something didnt mean that he had to because he had the choice to do it or Equality 7-2521 thinks that you should treat everyone the same and that you must earn friendship. To him, his love is an honor and you cannot receive honor without doing something worth honoring. I an neither for nor friend to my brothers, but such as each of them shall deserve of me. And to earn my love, my brothers must do more than to have been born. I do not grant my love without reason...

Outline of Financial Fraud by Bernie Madoff Essay

Outline of Financial Fraud by Bernie Madoff - Essay Example The fraud crime committed by Bernie Madoff remains the biggest fraud crime ever committed by anyone. It was beyond anybody’s imagination that a single person could trick so many intelligent and smart investors. Mr Madoff’s Ponzi scheme involved fraud of $65 billion, making a huge impact on the areas of the financial services industry. This was an example of a Ponzi scheme. A Ponzi scheme refers to the idea of using the new money to pay off old investors (Brigham & Ehrhardt 2013, p.265). Even though Mr Madoff was later on arrested in 2008 and is currently serving his 150-year imprisonment sentence, investors are still afraid of a recurrence of such a fraudulent scheme. Questions without answers continue streaming onto how even his close family members like his wife and two sons were unable to detect his fraudulent means. Madoff claimed that he carried out the fraud by himself, but there was a total of five others who had pleaded guilty to criminal charges by December 201 1 (Giles 2012, p.10). The Ponzi scheme like the one by Bernie Madoff was perpetrated based on the theory of rational expectations, mainly built on trust. His massive investment fraud was as a result of the trust investors had on him, built on his success in the Wall Street. It is common for general to rely on the judgements of others when making their investment decisions. Madoff would, for instance, use the word of mouth to popularise his investment ventures. For years, he had been a well-respected figure in the investment community. The success of his fraud could, therefore, be attributed to trust many people had on him. He used the many people who trusted him, so as to gain the trust of others. A small amount of initial trust grew into a large amount of trust, even though most of the trust was based on the little first-hand information. Instead of scrutinizing the primary source materials behind his venture, the investors tended to rely on the identities and the reputations of those who already trusted Madoff.     

Case Study or Roger S Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Case Study or Roger S - Essay Example m suing their employers over those injuries.† The medical health provider is entitled to provide an evidenced-based medical treatment proven to cure or relieve medical illness and injuries (Injured Worker Information, 2000). These types of treatment are provided in a set of guidelines and are adopted by the primary treating physician of the industrially-injured worker. At present, employee’s have their injuries cared for by a doctor in a Medical Provider Network (MPN) or a Health Care Organization (HCO). Most of the injured workers recovered fully from the industrial-related injuries. However, there are also injured workers who continue to suffer from the sequelae of the injury. In this case, it is indicated that the plaintiff sustained a back injury at work. In workers’ compensation, it is a must that an injured worker is required to report the injury to his immediate supervisor. Moreover, reporting the case promptly to the employer prevents future problems and further delays in receiving full medical benefits. It should be noted that the injury must be reported to the employer within 30 days from the time of the injury. The supervisor must provide the industrially-injured employee an â€Å"Employee Claim for Workers’ Compensation Benefits† form, which is to be submitted by the employee or his authorized person to the employer within twenty four hours from the time of the injury. The supervisor is also required to fill a â€Å"Report of Injury to Employee† form within twenty four hours upon notification of the injury, which is to be submitted to Workers’ Compensation Program Coordinator. A copy of the â€Å"Report of Inj ury to Employee† must be submitted to Environmental Health and Safety (EH&S) for review and follow-up (Injury and Illness Prevention Program Department Plan, 2006). In cases of emergency, the employee should go to the nearest emergency room facility for immediate treatment, and being the injured worker should inform the employer